Journal articles: 'Geothermal leases' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

A recently enacted law in Texas, which went into effect in mid-June, declares the landowner or the owner of surface rights as the holder of subsurface geothermal energy and associated resources. If the surface and mineral rights of the land have been separated, the owner of the surface estate prevails. Senate Bill 785 amended a section of the Natural Resources Code to define heat as a byproduct of geothermal energy and associated resources, but excludes mineral, oil, gas, or any product of oil or gas. It also excludes “the ownership and use of groundwater,” including “minerals dissolved or otherwise contained in groundwater, including hot brines.” The law entitles the owner “to drill for and produce the geothermal energy and associated resources.” As with pore space rights for underground carbon storage, legislating surface and subsurface rights for geothermal energy and underground hydrogen storage is an evolving frontier. Privately held rights vs. state or federal lands contribute to the complexity of these relatively nascent efforts to advance decarbonization. Ownership of geothermal rights varies widely from state to state, often dictated by a state’s definition of what constitutes “geothermal resources.” California’s definition, for example, says “the natural heat of the earth, the energy, in whatever form, below the surface of the earth present in, resulting from, or created by, or which may be extracted from, such natural heat, and all minerals in solution or other products obtained from naturally heated fluids, brines, associated gases, and steam, in whatever form, found below the surface of the earth, but excluding oil, hydrocarbon gas, or other hydrocarbon substances.” Other states, such as Utah, define a geothermal resource by a temperature threshold (“water or steam at temperatures greater than 120°C naturally present in a geothermal system”). At that mark, a separate lease is required because the resource is no longer part of the water rights. Once geothermal resources are defined, who holds the rights may be murky. In California, Hawaii, and New Mexico, the mineral estate is the owner. Wyoming considers geothermal heat as part of the water rights—“underground water, including hot water and geothermal.” Other states consider rights as held by the surface estate unless they have been specifically transferred. Yet, many states have no clearly defined guidance about privately held ownership, and the parties involved in disputes head to the courts to hash out the ambiguity. The rules governing development of geothermal energy on federal lands are more defined. Geothermal was the first type of renewable energy that the US Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management approved for production on public lands. The first project was given the go-ahead in 1978. A federal lease allows future exploration and development. However, it does not include the right to move ahead with any ground-disturbing activities to explore for or develop the resources. Each stage of development under the lease requires separate authorizations and compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act. Two examples of state-controlled lands are well-known geothermal fields in California, The Geysers and the Salton Sea projects. The state’s leases in The Geysers are on school lands. Revenue and royalties are deposited into the California State Teachers’ Retirement fund. Royalty rates range from 10 to 12.5% of the gross value of geothermal steam, calculated by multiplying the gross value of electric power with the agreed percentage of steam that began initially as 36% in 1999, increasing to a maximum of 42% of the value of electricity. While innovation steadily advances technologies to produce geothermal energy, the determination of clear law and regulations is playing catch-up ... state by state and case by case in courts. And until it does, scaling up of this promising energy source in the US is at risk of being hamstrung.

Abstract:

Background: Chromolaena odorata plant is a weed that grows abundantly in various places, including geothermal areas. Its leaves contain chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins that can function as antibacterials.Objectives: The study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of ethanol extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves grown in the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar against Staphylococcus aureus.Methods: The study was conducted at the Fundamental Microbiology Laboratory of Aceh Besar in June 2022. The MIC and MBC tests of ethanol extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves from the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar were performed using the liquid dilution method. The concentrations of the extract used were 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%. The MIC was determined based on the turbidity or clarity of the test solution, while the MBC was determined by streaking each concentration of the extract/test solution on agar media. Data analysis was performed descriptively in terms of the lowest concentration of the extract that could inhibit and kill Staphylococcus aureus.Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves from the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar had a MIC value of 5% and an MBC value of 7% in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves from the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar is able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus from a concentration of 5% and able to kill Staphylococcus aureus from a concentration of 7%.

Abstract:

Background: Jamblang is one of the plants that have the potential to be an antibacterial agent. Jamblang plants can grow in the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar. This area has higher soil temperature and pH compared to areas outside of geothermal zones. Environmental conditions influence the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of a plant. Jamblang leaves contain several chemical compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins, which function as antibacterials.Objectives: This research aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of jamblang leaf extract obtained from the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar against Staphylococcus aureus.Methods: The MIC and MBC testing will be conducted using the dilution method with extract concentrations of 1,56%, 3,12%, 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. The negative control will use distilled water, while the positive control will use amoxicillin. The medium used in this research is Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA).Results: The results indicate that the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the Jamblang leaf extract grown in the Ie Seum Aceh Besar geothermal area is 50%. In comparison, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) is 100%.Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of jamblang leaves from the geothermal area of Ie Seum Aceh Besar, at a concentration of 50%, inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. In comparison, at a concentration of 100%, it killed the Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract:

Geothermal energy is considered as renewable energy and environmentally friendly. However, during the exploration process, a Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) commonly leaves various environmental problems, such as destroyed conservation areas, floods, landslides, and reduced clean water sources. The impact of the Baturraden Geothermal Power Plant exploration also has resulted in water pollution of the Mengaji and Prukut rivers, which eventually could no longer be used as clean water sources for people’s daily lives, especially women. This PLTP Baturraden case study aimed to observe the relationship between environment, gender, and geothermal energy, especially the impact of geothermal power plant exploration. This research used a qualitative method by collecting primary data through interviews and secondary data through literature studies. This study showed that PLTP Baturraden exploration had negative impacts in 2017-2018 water pollution of Prukut River as a clean water source and directly affected women in Panembangan, Cilongok. Using a gender analysis, environmental destruction is analyzed through three things, namely formal and informal constraints, division of labor, and access to resources which have a worsening impact on women.

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Soil chemical components from different locations produce different macro-micro nutrients, phytochemicals compounds, and biological activities of the plant. This study aims to see whether soil chemistry from three different areas namely coastal, geothermal, and urban areas affect the phytochemical components and chemical compounds contained in Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves Soil chemical analysis showed that the coastal area had the highest macro-micro nutrients and the best phytochemical and chemical compounds of moringa leaves than those of the other two locations. The moringa leaves phytochemical compounds of the coastal area consisting of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and phenolics. The GC-MS profile of moringa leaves from the coastal area contained 28 compounds, a geothermal area of 27 compounds, and an urban area of 24 compounds. Of all these chemical compounds, there are six similarities with the highest order namely Linolenic acid, 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, Ethyl ester, Vitamin E hexadecanoic acid, Phytol, and neophytadiene. In conclusion, Moringa leaf from the coastal area has the highest concentration of soil chemical components, phytochemicals, and a number of compounds.

Abstract:

The extraction of silicon from geothermal water plays a vital role in the sustainability and increased utilization of geothermal power plants. By removing the silicon from the liquid, injecting wastewater is greatly facilitated, as silicon deposits cause significant problems in the injection wells. Both the cost of precipitation problems are high and the possibility of extracting other substances from the liquid once the silicone has been removed. geoSilica Iceland is a world leader in the processing of silicon from geothermal water using a revolutionary method.

Abstract:

The development of renewable energy is an important step to reduce dependence on fossil energy. Geothermal energy is one source of renewable energy in Indonesia. However, when a geothermal project is not managed properly, the social political and cultural conditions of the community can be a failure factor in geothermal development. Through mix methods, this research undertakes social mapping in the project of Mount Ungaran as one of the geothermal development sites. Socially the people in the project area typically are rural communities where the role of informal leaders is very influential. There are a number of communities and non-governmental organizations that disagree with the development plan due to environmental, cultural and economic damage concerns. Yet, political support was obtained from the regional government and village government.

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Abstract The use of Calotropis gigantea from Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar geothermal area for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized has been reported. The process of synthesis AgNPs can be carried out with chemical methods, physical methods, and green synthesis methods, but in this study, the process is focused on the green synthesis method using C. gigantea flowers and leaves extract from Ie Seu-Um geothermal area, Aceh Besar. Phytochemical analysis showed that C. gigantea leaves contain alkaloids, steroids, tannins, phenolics, and saponins, while the flowers of C. gigantea contain alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and saponins. The reaction of the AgNPs formation was observed by colour change formed. AgNPs-C. gigantea flower extract dan AgNPs-C. gigantea leaves extract showed the reddish-brown and brownish-yellow solution respectively after 48 h incubation in dark condition at room temperature. The result of the reaction characterized using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry showed that the phenomenon of Surface plasmone resonance (SPR) occurs in the mixture of nanoparticles formed. The concentration of AgNO3 as a reagent affected the SPR phenomenon. The result showed that particles formed are the same size and shape.

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Geothermal heat pump systems (GHP) are the spearhead of geothermal achievement and development, and one of the fastest growing applications of renewable energy technologies worldwide. When Swiss GHP activities started in the late 1970s, market introduction and penetration needed science-based proof of reliable, stable, long-term GHP operation. A special, extended project, realized in a field-laboratory setting, provided this proof. Detailed measurements, as well as numerical model simulations, proved the sustainable operation of the installed GHP system. The measurement setup, the recording of the various time series, and their interpretation are presented. Furthermore, basic perceptions were elaborated concerning geothermal resources behavior in production and regeneration. The Swiss GHP was developed from nothing. Early GHP installation costs halved within 20 years; GHP growth was nearly exponential from 1980 to 2020 (8.5% annually). Drilled borehole heat exchanger (BHE) meters are today around 300,000 m per year; heat delivery of GHPs in Switzerland amounted to 3280 GWh 2020—over 85% of Swiss geothermal direct uses (among others like thermal spas, district heating). Large installations with hundreds of BHEs are now common, and are also used for heating and cooling. The international ranking of Swiss GHP realizations is excellent in terms of annual energy use (TJ/yr/area), and is number one worldwide. Switzerland is a global GHP leader, and the Swiss success story is well documented.

Abstract:

Geothermal alteration fields are very prohibitive environments, limiting vegetation establishment and growth. In the present study, the ecological specialisation of the pioneer plant Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull was investigated, assuming that its ability to survive in geothermal habitats derives from a fine regulation of morpho-physiological traits. Mature leaves of C. vulgaris were sampled from plants close to a fumarole (near), and from plants living at a distance of some metres (intermediate) or ~1 km (distant) from a fumarole. Along the sampling sites, a gradient of soil-pH and temperature values occurred, with near plants facing the highest soil temperature and the lowest soil pH. A regulation of constitutive morpho-anatomical and physiological traits in response to different stress levels occurred. A progressive reduction of leaf exposed surface and hair density and mucilages, combined with a gradual increase of oxidative stress levels, of phenols and ascorbate, was observed from distant to near plants. Near plants showed an increase in stomatal density and in lignin and cuticle thickness, and the highest activity of ascorbate peroxidase. Except for high glutathione concentrations, in distant plants antioxidant machinery was consistently less active. The apparent morphological and physiological plasticity demonstrated in the present research contributed to the capability of these plants to tolerate the prohibitive, highly changing environmental conditions of the geothermal field.

Abstract:

Geothermal energy has been described as an engineering problem that, when solved, provides the clean, reliable, safe, and affordable energy being sought globally. It is highly likely that the engineers who play the biggest role in solving that problem, and the technologies they adapt and advance, will come from oil and gas. There is enough energy in the earth’s crust, just a few miles down, to power all of humanity for ages, according to the US Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. The problem is how to tap into it safely, efficiently, and cost effectively. After many years of failure to launch because of technology or cost limitations, new companies and technologies - and smarter ways of leveraging those that already exist - are bringing geothermal out of its doldrums, to the point that it may finally be ready to scale and become a major player in the transition to cleaner energy, according to Jamie Beard, executive director of the Geothermal Entrepreneurship Organization (GEO) at The University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin). “The cutting-edge technological developments in geothermal are devoted to drilling into ever-deeper, hotter, and harder rock,” she said, “and oil and gas holds the key to cost reduction for all of these concepts.” Eric Van Oort, drilling and well engineering expert, educator, and scientist, agrees. The UT-Austin engineering professor and director of the rig automation and performance improvement in drilling (RAPID) industry consortium, said, “Fifty to seventy-five percent of the cost of geothermal development is tied up in drilling and well construction. To scale it, we have to reduce that cost.” Designing for Extremes Well design for geothermal wells is similar to that for oil and gas wells. The challenges arise from drilling deeper and deeper, into hotter and hotter rock. Heat ranging from 150°C (302°F) to 373°C (703°F) and above can be used to profitably generate electricity. Oil and gas well designs traditionally have not had to contend with these extremes. Thermal considerations are unavoidable in deep geothermal well construction. Temperature and thermal effects, chemical composition of produced fluids, and rate of production or pressure depletion pose significant challenges to well casing and design. Nick Cameron, reservoir characterization manager at BP and leader of the supermajor’s studies into geothermal energy, said his company is using corporate data, geological understanding, and oil and gas expertise and experience to look at where their technology can reduce risk and drive down the cost of development. “Metallurgical understanding of materials and how they handle heat is crucial to these efforts,” he said. “Fortunately, there have been significant advancements in this area in recent years.” Cameron said that much work is also being done into changing the chemical composition of the fluids that flow through the geothermal reservoirs.

Abstract:

Montezuma Well is a geothermal limnocrene spring within Montezuma Castle National Monument, Yavapai County, Arizona, U.S.A. The Well’s unusual geological qualities, water chemistry, and a history of aquatic plant collecting are discussed. Evidence to support the fact that a unique species of Potamogeton has likely grown in this location for thousands of years and is now recognized as the seventh apparent autochthonous endemic species from this small area is presented. Although this new species shares a few superficial characters with P. illinoensis Morong, it is easily distinguished by its massive height (7–8 m tall), lack of floating leaves, long acuminate leaf apices of its submerged leaves, and bright translucent green leaf color. A complete description with drawing and photographs is provided.

Abstract:

Abstract The COVID-19 disease causes severe symptoms like fever, cough, and respiratory disorder like streptococcus pneumonia. Essential oil in cajuput is oil is believed to have effect to reduce respiratory disorder due to COVID-19. While the cajuput oil is not proven to prevent or to heal COVID-19 patients, the treatments using cajuput oil are proven helpful to ease the symptoms. Indonesia as a tropical country has large-scale cultivation of cajuput plants, for example in 2017, Sumedang and Majalengka areas produced up to 4 tons raw material or 10 kg in a day. In producing cajuput oil, there are some steps required for oil extraction and distillation including modified steam distillation method used in this study. This method of essential oil extraction process may use a large amount of heat to produce steam. Geothermal residual heat in the form of brine can be an alternative used to extract eucalyptus oil on small scale. This study shows the material balance analysis for the cajuput oil production with 10 kg cajuput leaves per day from Sumedang and Majalengka areas using Wayang Windu geothermal power plant brine at 180.7°C with 0.05 kg/s mass flow rate. Wayang Windu geothermal power plant itself was chosen because the distance is not too far from cajuput source, which is around 99.7 km. In this study the cajuput oil extraction produces around 57.918 × 10−3 kg of cajuput oil for daily production time 100 min/day.

Abstract:

Fatigue, a condition of lack of energy and motivation resulting in the feeling of extreme tiredness or exhaustion, is usually prevented and treated with ergogenic aids, such as in the form of nutritional supplements. Papaya (Carica papaya) may be a potential candidate for ergogenic aids, considering its healthy secondary metabolite properties and number of metabolite compounds that could be affected by the location where the plant growing. The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemicals of papaya leaves from three different locations: geothermal, coastal, and urban areas in Aceh province, Indonesia. Concentrations of papaya leaf with the highest number of secondary metabolite compounds were tested in rats to measure blood lactate acid concentrations after strenuous exercise. The number of chemical compounds identified from the three locations was 24 compounds; 23 compounds and 17 compounds, respectively. The highest concentration of chemical compounds that have antifatigue activity contained in all papaya leaf samples were neophytadiene, linolenic acid, gamma tocopherol, hexadecanoic acid, vitamin E, carpaine, octadecatrienoic acid, nor lean-12-ene, squalene, and phytol. Furthermore, most of the compounds' highest concentrations were found in papaya leaves from the coastal area and, therefore, tested on the animal model. Treatment was provided in 12 male rats with different doses of papaya powder supplements for 15 days. The results showed that lactic acid levels of rats received a dose of 400 mg/kg of papaya leaf extract reduced the lactic acid concentration (p=0.014) compared with the control group. This study highlights that papaya leaves from the coastal area have the most potential activities as ergogenic herbal aid and were able to reduce lactic acid levels in rats after strenuous exercise.

Abstract:

Freshwater scarcity has raised concerns about the long-term availability of the water supplies within the transboundary Mesilla (United States)/Conejos-Médanos (Mexico) Basin in Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua. Analysis of legacy temperature data and groundwater flux estimates indicates that the region’s known geothermal systems may contribute more than 45,000 tons of dissolved solids per year to the shallow aquifer system, with around 8500 tons of dissolved solids being delivered from localized groundwater upflow zones within those geothermal systems. If this salinity flux is steady and eventually flows into the Rio Grande, it could account for 22% of the typical average annual cumulative Rio Grande salinity that leaves the basin each year—this salinity proportion could be much greater in times of low streamflow. Regional water level mapping indicates upwelling brackish waters flow towards the Rio Grande and the southern part of the Mesilla portion of the basin with some water intercepted by wells in Las Cruces and northern Chihuahua. Upwelling waters ascend from depths greater than 1 km with focused flow along fault zones, uplifted bedrock, and/or fractured igneous intrusions. Overall, this work demonstrates the utility of using heat as a groundwater tracer to identify salinity sources and further informs stakeholders on the presence of several brackish upflow zones that could notably degrade the quality of international water supplies in this developed drought-stricken region.

Abstract:

For high temperature applications at 150°C or above, such as in electronics for down-hole drilling, geothermal energy generation, power electronics and automotive under the hood electronics, a robust dielectric material is necessary for capacitors. Common X7R and X8R type ceramic capacitors are designed for applications up to 125°C and 150°C, respectively. At temperatures above 150°C, these types of capacitors typically suffer from degradation of reliability performance and severe reduction in capacitance, especially under DC bias conditions. Recently, a Class-I dielectric material has been developed using Nickel electrodes for high temperature application up to 200–250°C. Due to its linear dielectric nature, this material exhibits highly stable capacitance as a function of temperature and voltage. Multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) made from this material can be qualified as X9G. This paper will report electrical properties and reliability test data on these Class-I type ceramic capacitors in SMD chip and leaded configurations at 150–200°C and above along with a discussion of possible mechanisms behind the robust reliability of this high temperature dielectric.

Abstract:

_ A gold strike was announced in late October. But in this case the gold was naturally occurring hydrogen in a former coal basin. Known as “white” or “gold” hydrogen, the reported discovery of naturally formed underground hydrogen was made in northeastern France’s Lorraine coal basin, a region between France and Germany. The last coal mine was shut down 20 years ago. Researchers at the French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS) were testing a probe designed to analyze gases dissolved in the water of deep underground rock formations, looking for methane, when they detected hydrogen concentrations at depths of 1100 m (14%) and 1250 m (20%). Their calculations estimated the deposits’ potential as between 6 and 250 million metric tons of hydrogen. This wasn’t their first discovery of underground hydrogen in the area. Philippe de Donato and Jacques Pironon made a similar finding “by chance” as part of the Regalor research project in collaboration with Française de l’Energie (FDE), an independent multienergy company, the University of Lorraine, and CNRS. FDE announced the discovery in a press release in May, saying the measurements of hydrogen were made in its previously drilled Folschviller wellsite in the carboniferous aquifer of the Lorraine basin. Launched in 2018, the project’s aim was to confirm an assessment carried out in 2012 by France’s IFPEN petroleum and new energies institute. After analyzing a sample of the soil under the basin, the institute concluded that it contained 370 billion m3 of methane, which represents 8 years of gas consumption in France. De Donato and Pironon said, “The work carried out within the framework of the Regalor project has made it possible to demonstrate that the fluids within the carboniferous formations of the Lorraine mining basin are very significantly enriched in hydrogen, with a measured concentration of 15% at 1093 m depth and estimated at 98% at 3000 m depth.” FDE said in May that it applied for an exclusive mining exploration permit for the exploration of natural hydrogen in the basin. The permit covers an area of 2254 km² in the Grand Est region. The company said a site for a pilot will be identified based on the results obtained and then built to initiate local production and recovery of natural hydrogen in the Grand Est Region. In its October investor update, FDE said measurements will be performed in three of its existing wells by the end of the year to determine the extent of the hydrogen deposit. Reservoirs have also been discovered in the US, Canada, Finland, the Philippines, Australia, Brazil, Oman, Turkey, and Mali. In Mali, the Bourakebougou water well, Bougou-1, was drilled in 1987 in the Taoudeni Basin (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193), a large sedimentary system present mainly in Algeria, Mauritania, and Mali. The well was cemented after a gas explosion occurred during drilling operations at a measured depth of 112 m. Unplugged in 2011 for use as a pilot well for local hydrogen production, gas was reported comprising 98% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% methane. Hydrogen was then produced as an energy resource to supply local electricity through a company named Petroma, renamed Hydroma. From 2017 to 2019, the company drilled 24 wells. Among the new breed of gold prospectors are several startup companies including Natural Hydrogen Energy, Koloma, Helios Aragon, Gold Hydrogen, HyTerra, and H2Au. Helios Aragon owns exploration permits in northern Spain’s Aragon region and will begin drilling the Monzon-2 appraisal well in 2024 at a cost of $12 million. Estimates for the well are 1.1 million tons of hydrogen, and the company claims the Monzon field holds 5 to 10 million tons within its permits and more than 100 million tons in the region. Natural Hydrogen Energy and HyTerra claim the “first wildcat well targeting natural hydrogen in Nebraska,” the Hoarty well at Project Geneva. HyTerra also holds leases in the Nemaha Ridge in Kansas. The cost advantages of subsurface hydrogen are frequently cited by the early prospectors. For example, the wells in Mali have the potential to generate hydrogen gas at a cost of 50 cents/kg (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193), which is only one-tenth the cost of producing hydrogen via electrolysis using solar, wind, geothermal, or other renewable energy sources. If commercialization and economies of scale pan out, this may become the gold standard for hydrogen energy. For Further Reading The Curious Case of Geologic Hydrogen: Assessing its Potential as a Near-Term Clean Energy Source (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.01.005) by E.M. Yedinak, US Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. The Occurrence and Geoscience of Natural Hydrogen: A Comprehensive Review (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103140) by V. Zgonnik, Natural Hydrogen Energy LLC.

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The effects of progressively higher CO2 levels on the foliar antioxidant status were studied by growing soybean (Glycine max Merrill cv. Cresir) plants at decreasing distances from natural CO2 sources of geothermal origin in central Italy. When compared with neighbouring controls grown under normal CO2 concentration (C), soybean leaves grown at 2 × C, 7 × C and more than 20 × C showed a substantial reduction in the size of ascorbate pool and in the activity of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase; both the content of ascorbic acid and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase declined at 2 × C and 7 × C and recovered to the control values at 20 × C. The foliar titre of glutathione disulfide and the activities of glutathione disulfide reductase and Mn-superoxide dismutase progressively increased as CO2 concentration increased in ambient air. The results obtained suggest that the immanent risk of dioxygen toxicity associated with photosynthetic electron flow could be reduced in the presence of high CO2 levels. On the other hand, depending on both the CO2 exposure regimes and the cell compartment considered, high CO2 could promote oxidative processes which cause GSH oxidation and require an enhanced cellular ability to scavenge superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract:

Herein, we report our success synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts from the leaves and flowers of Calotropis gigantea growing in the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. C. gigantea aqueous extract can be used as a bio-reductant for Ag+→Ag0 conversion, obtained by 48h incubation of Ag+, and the extract mixture in a dark condition. UV–Vis characterization showed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of AgNPs-leaf C. gigantea (AgNPs-LCg) and AgNPs-flower C. gigantea (AgNPs-FCg) appeared in the wavelength range of 410–460 nm. Scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) revealed the agglomeration and spherical shapes of AgNPs-LCg and AgNPs-FCg with diameters ranging from 87.85 to 256.7 nm. Zeta potentials were observed in the range of −41.8 to −25.1 mV. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay revealed AgNPs-FCg as the most potent antimicrobial agent with inhibition zones of 12.05 ± 0.58, 11.29 ± 0.45, and 9.02 ± 0.10 mm for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, respectively. In conclusion, aqueous extract from the leaves or flowers of Calotropis gigantea may be used in the green synthesis of AgNPs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities.

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The area of mount Seulawah Agam is an area of active volcano paths that impact the appearance of volcanic symptoms, that will affect the species of plants that grow in the area. This study aims to determine the potential of medicinal plant species and their diversity in the geothermal area of Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar district. The data collection was carried out using multiple square plots placed using stratified sampling based on the soil temperature zone at a predetermined. Each area is set on four impartial actions in systematic random. The name of the species and its individual quantity of each potential plant was documented and analyzed accordingly. Then, they were analyzed based on scientific journals and identification books for medicinal plants. Data analysis was performed using importance value index and Diversity Index. The study found there were 32 species of 21 families of medicinal plants were identified started from the growth rates of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The medicinal plants' diversity index analysis at each growth rate is classified into the medium category. Based on literature studies, plants' parts are commonly used as medicines such as leaves roots, sap, bark, and flowers. Utilization can be used to treat a variety of diseases and illnesses, as well as a parasitic infection. The result shows that the geothermal area of Seulawah Agam in Aceh Besar district has excellent resources and potential for medicinal plants that become used for the benefit of the surrounding community: they need to be maintained so that they still be beneficial for future generations.

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Transient Liquid Phase Sintering is a process that provides high temperature Pb-free RoHS compliant interconnect solutions that exceed the high temperature capabilities of Pb-Sn solders. KEMET, working in collaboration with Ormet Circuits Inc. has successfully applied Ormet's TLPS technology to a line of Leaded Multi-layer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC) components for high temperature applications. The material is Pb-free, RoHS compliant and able to withstand process and operating temperatures > 400°C while having initial processing temperatures of less than 300°C. Potential applications for TLPS are in the automotive, aerospace, oil, gas, and geothermal exploration industries where electronics are being exposed to higher operating temperatures and require robust interconnects capable of withstanding harsh environments.

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This research serves as the first-known compilation of accounts of early Hawaiians using volcanic heat. Western explorers in the 1800s wrote about native Hawaiians near Kīlauea Volcano using volcanic heat for cooking and bathing. They cooked their food wrapped in leaves underground or above a steam crack at Sulphur Banks, Kīlauea Iki, and the Nāpau Crater Trail. Early Hawaiians bathed in the warm waters of Waiwelawela for health. To confirm the presence of volcanic heat, this study used geothermal resource maps by the Hawai‘i Play Fairway project. According to a probability map for volcanic heat, the areas where Hawaiians used volcanic heat have a probability of volcanic heat of 0.8 to 1.0. On a map with temperatures of water wells, water wells close to where Hawaiians used volcanic heat have elevated temperatures. Historically, the areas where Hawaiians used volcanic heat experienced volcanic steam release, volcanic eruptions, and lava flows.

Abstract:

Humans and conflicts are inseparable. Conflict is inevitable. Conflict is inevitable but manageable. In the daily activities of human beings both as individuals, as members of organizations or corporations, and as members of society are always faced with conflict. The same is true with the crisis. Conflict can be caused by crises including communication crises. Wrong communication can lead to great conflict and can threaten the survival of an organization or corporation. This study highlights the conflict that occurs between mining business investors and the community of PT. SGE with the people of Jaboy Sabang Aceh. The conflict raised in this study started from the land dispute between the people as landowners and PT. SGE as an investor. In the beginning, the companys mining business has built communication with elites such as regional leaders, community leaders, religious figures, and related stakeholders, but did not touch the public interest as a party directly related to the companys operational area. From the perspective of intercultural communication, there is a lack of harmonious communication between enterprises and society. This research is conducted to identify and trace the process of intercultural communication to reduce uncertainty between the two parties based on the theory of uncertainty reduction, the theory of intercultural communication, the concept of conflict, conflict management, and conflict resolution. As qualitative research, the data was collected through in-depth interviews with informants from investors and community leaders in Aceh strengthened by observation. From the results of the analysis and discussion, the researchers found the fact that the company did not adhere to the principles in building intercultural communication and did not dive into the characteristics of the people of Aceh. PT. SGE temporarily halted the companys operations to complete licensing and fulfilling its commitment to the community. As a result of the conflict that occurred that once disrupted the operations of companies that carry the mission of the government in realizing information for the people of Aceh can walk back and get support from the community. Conflicts that occur have been resolved with the concept and model of conflict resolution. Thus what is the desire of the community is bridged through open communication, consistent, committed so that mutually beneficial cooperation is established.

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Abstract Most countries around the world are politically driven to move toward a low-carbon future by embracing renewable energy technologies for electricity generation. With abundance of renewable energy resources, Costa Rica produces over 95 percent of its electricity from hydro, geothermal, and wind power plants. Only one percent of its population live without electricity, mainly in remote territories where rural off-grid electrification is very challenging. The purpose of this research is to contribute to enhancing the opportunities to reach universal electricity access in Costa Rica by studying some cases. A comparison with the African situation is made in order to find common points of benefit and learning. This article highlights that a greater level of engagement is needed from local leaders to develop efficient solutions in Costa Rica, and brings a relevant comparison with Africa’s energy needs as well.

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The Mane plant (Vitex pinnata L.) is traditionally used as medicine in Aceh Province, Indonesia. This study aimed to predict the pharmaco*kinetic parameters of compounds in the ethanolic extract of Mane leaf (EEML), including the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), by in-silico approach. The method used was to analyze the compounds using a web-predictor server and molecular docking. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of EEML showed the presence of active compounds, including phytol (60.93%), acorenol (8.56%), n-hexadecanoic acid (4.89%), trans-Z-alpha-bisabolene epoxide (2.7%) and cedrane (2.03%). Lipinski's rule of five states that all compounds had a deviation of less than 2. Pharmaco*kinetic parameters suggested that phytol was moderately absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and had a toxicity level of 5 with lethal doses (LD50) >5000 mg/kg. Molecular docking results showed that phytol could be used against the targeted enzyme Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, our study suggests that the active compounds of EEML may have potential as a drug candidate.

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Access to energy is considered one of basic need for human welfare. Energy is also needed by industry to produce gadgets and provide services. In transportation, energy is needed to move from one point to another point. Due to the increment number of human beings and their changing lifestyle, energy demand is ever increased. Currently, the most commonly used primary energy sources are oil and coal; however, these fossil fuels are non-renewable, unsustainable, and depleted (Sorrell, 2012). Many oil fields have already reached their peak production (Krumdieck, 2010). This decrease poses challenges to oil-dependent economies around the world, including Indonesia. Fossil fuels are also notoriously source of green house gas emission. Indonesia has pledged to reduce its emissions by 29% by 2030 (PLN, 2016). To reach this target, Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014 mandated 23% of the national energy consumed to be supplied by renewable energy (RE) by 2025. Indonesia has a variety of RE resources (RES), including biomass, hydropower, geothermal, municipal solid waste (MSW), ocean, and solar. As Indonesia is an agricultural-based economy, expansive farms provide waste biomass, especially from the production of palm oil and rice. They produce straw, rice husks, leaves, trunks, and other waste materials (Weldekidan, et al., 2020). Located at the intersection of the Ring of Fire and the Alpide belt, Indonesia is estimated to have the greatest geothermal potential in the world. Moreover, as two-thirds of the Indonesian territory are covered by water, hydropower and ocean energy can be used (Farizal and Asri, 2018). However, as most RES require more capital investment than fossil fuel and are not as technologically mature as their fossil fuel counterparts, selecting which RES to develop is important. In energy planning, especially when planning RES to substitute fossil fuel, an energy source is selected not only due to its potential availability (abundant resource) but also its dependability, reliability, cost as well as its accessibility. Keywords: Renewable energy, energy mix, optimization, mixed integer non linear programming.

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The development of the "green economy" in Russia is slow compared to other countries. Our country is dependent on raw materials. However, Russia can be called a leader in hydropower. More than two hundred river hydroelectric power plants generate up to 20% of all electricity. The world's only tidal power plant operates in the Murmansk Region, and there are five geothermal stations in the Far East. Solar energy is also used: installations operate in a dozen regions (the most powerful is in the Crimea). There are still few wind farms in Russia – only 16. In 2019, the national project "Ecology" was approved for five years. As part of its implementation, it is planned to eliminate unauthorized municipal landfills, reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere by 20% and "improve" the Volga and Baikal. This program also includes projects for the conservation of biological diversity and forests of Russia.

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Fervo Energy has shown that fracturing can be used to build a geothermal heating system in hot, hard rock. During a 37-day test at its Project Red test site, the Houston company produced as much as 63 L/s (998 gal/min) of water heated to 336°F. By pumping water from an injection well through fractured hot rock to a producing well, it heated enough water to generate up to 3.5 MW of power, according to a company release. In a world where demand is commonly measured in gigawatts, that’s not much, but it is more than double the highest flow rate from tests going back decades. And unlike those earlier tests, the company has a clear path to heating higher volumes and lowering the cost. “I think this is just a big moment for both our company, but also the industry at large, to finally have this proof point where we can deliver commercial levels of permeability and flow rates for these wells,” said Jack Norbeck, co-founder and chief technical officer for Fervo. The idea of injecting water through hot rock has been around for decades as a way to create enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), but this is the first time someone has achieved this level of flow and is moving next to create a group of geothermal wells for commercial generation. Fervo has taken methods developed to extract oil and gas from ultratight rock and shown they can be used to do something quite different. “Overall, there’s nothing really surprising here—they used a pretty standard shale frac design and observed pretty similar performance from what you would see in a shale play. Or at least, what you’d expect if you used a shale well as a long-term water injector and circulated fluid over to a neighboring production well,” said Mark McClure, chief executive of ResFrac, a reservoir modeling and consulting firm, in a blog post. This fracturing-based option poses a challenge to EGS researchers who live in countries where completions using oil industry fracturing techniques are not an option. “The EGS community has conventionally been focused on ‘stimulating natural fractures,’ and this has led them to use fracture designs that would be considered suboptimal, from the perspective of oil and gas field experience,” McClure said. What Fervo has done is show that fracturing can be used to get past a barrier blocking EGS development using current fracturing technology. “The breakthrough is that someone actually had the guts and organization to go out and do it,” McClure said. Those at Fervo, though, have little time to celebrate the milestone as they focus on improving those methods to economically produce geothermal energy. “In successfully completing this project, we have demonstrated that no major technical barriers exist to deploying horizontal EGS in similar meta-sedimentary or igneous formations to temperatures of approximately 400°F,” according to a Fervo paper. That feat was recognized by a leader at the FORGE test site, which is also doing EGS research and development with substantial financial support from the US Department of Energy.

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BACKGROUND: Vitex pinnata is known as Laban, which is a medicinal plant used traditionally for generations to generations. Laban leaf extract with various concentrations has antibacterial activity. Laban leaf extract is known to inhibit the formation of Streptococcus mutant in human teeth. AIM: To exam, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum kill concentration (KBM) extract Laban leaves (V. pinnata) as an antibacterial against Streptococcus mutants. METHODS: This research was purely experimental research with design randomized pretest-posttest and control group. The study was conducted at the Laboratory Microbiology Faculty of Animal Health, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, from March to June 2019. The sample of this study was the Laban leaf from the Aceh Besar geothermal area. This research included preparation raw materials, chemical characterization of raw materials, determination of minimum and maximum components mixture, determining the optimum formula based on the best inhibitory potential, inhibitory testing antibacterial, standardized test, and test (one-way ANOVA). RESULTS: MIC of n-hexane extract showed the results of calculations; the percentage of bacterial inhibition was at a MIC of 1.56% on average colony −1.45 CFU/ml. In ethyl acetate extract, the MIC was 0.20% on the average colony −0.17 CFU/ml. The methanol extract can inhibit bacteria at the smallest concentration of 0.05% average colony −1.48 CFU/ml. Methanol extract inhibits bacteria more quickly. Concentration results minimum kill was 1.56%, 0.78%, 0.39%, 0.20%, 0.10%, and 0.05%. The smallest concentration of extract (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) can kill Streptococcus mutans bacteria that are marked in the absence of bacterial colonies on microbiological growth media. CONCLUSION: Extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol from Laban leaves have inhibitory activity on the growth of S. mutans bacteria. The smallest concentration of extract (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) is able to kill S. mutans bacteria.

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For high temperature applications at 150°C or above, such as those in electronics for down-hole drilling, geothermal energy generation and power electronics, a robust dielectric material is necessary for capacitors. Ceramic capacitors using X7R and X8R type dielectrics are designed for applications up to 125°C and 150°C, respectively. At temperatures above 150°C, these X7R/X8R types of ceramic capacitors typically suffer from degradation of reliability performance and severe reduction in capacitance, especially when bias is applied. Recently, a Class-I dielectric material has been developed using Nickel electrodes for high temperature application up to 200–250°C. Due to its linear dielectric nature, this material exhibits highly stable capacitance as a function of temperature and voltage. This paper will report electrical properties and reliability test data on these Class-I type ceramic capacitors in SMD chip and leaded configurations at 150–200°C and above, and discuss possible mechanisms behind the robust reliability of this high temperature dielectric.

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Energy is a basic human need. In Indonesia, fuel oil (BBM) is the most widely used energy source in meeting national energy needs. The composition of Indonesia's national energy consumption in 2015, namely BBM: 52.50%; Gas: 19.04%; Coal: 21.52%; Water: 3.73%; Geothermal: 3.01%; and New Energy: 0.2% (Kholiq, 2015). To reduce the use of non-renewable energy, we are trying to find a solution to overcome this problem, namely by using Aloe vera as a source of electrical. This research focuses on the type of circuit and the number of sets of electrodes to produce an optimal source of electrical energy. In this research, we are using an experimental method that aims to determine whether Aloe vera can be an alternative renewable energy source. The first condition is one leaf, series circuit. The second condition, two leaves with a parallel circuit. The third condition, three-leaf with a parallel circuit. The results of this study are that the more electrodes, the more voltage is generated. By assembling in parallel, the resulting current is greater. From our study, we hope Aloe vera has potential as an alternative energy source and it can reduce the use of non-renewable energy.

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Leadership played a pivotal role in shaping organizational direction and strategy execution, especially in the face of challenges posed by dynamic environments and a diverse workforce. The study explored the influence of leadership competencies on the implementation of operational strategies within the Geothermal Development Company (GDC) in Kenya. Drawing upon various theoretical frameworks including Path-Goal Theory, Great Man Theory, Leadership-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory, and Trait Theory, the research delved into the cognitive, emotional, social, and functional competencies of leaders and their impact on strategy realization. The study, employing a descriptive research design, collected data from 78 management staff members of GDC through structured questionnaires. Findings revealed significant positive correlations between leadership competencies and the implementation of operational strategies. Specifically, cognitive competencies, encompassing problem-solving and analytical skills, were found to strongly influence strategy implementation. Emotional competencies, such as self-awareness and relationship management, also played a significant role in fostering a conducive environment for strategy execution. Social competencies, including interpersonal skills and teamwork, positively impacted the coordination and cooperation necessary for successful strategy implementation. Additionally, functional competencies, comprising communication and decision-making abilities, were identified as crucial elements in aligning resources and guiding organizational efforts towards strategic objectives. The regression analysis further validated the significance of leadership competencies in predicting the implementation of operational strategies. Cognitive, emotional, social, and functional competencies collectively explained 61.8% of the variance in strategy implementation within GDC. The study underscored the importance of developing multifaceted leadership competencies tailored to the unique contexts of organizations, especially in the public sector where challenges such as limited resources and diverse roles prevailed. These findings contributed to the existing body of knowledge on leadership and strategy implementation, particularly in the context of public entities like GDC. Practical implications suggested that organizations should invest in leadership development programs that focus on enhancing cognitive, emotional, social, and functional competencies among their leaders to drive successful strategy execution. By understanding and leveraging these competencies, organizations could navigate complexities, overcome barriers, and achieve their strategic objectives effectively.

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Mining is a series of activities of exploring, mining (excavation), processing, utilization and marketing of minerals (minerals, coal, geothermal, oil and gas). Gunung Mas Regency, especially Tanjung Riu Village, Kurun Subdistrict, is one of the places in Central Kalimantan Province which has mineral resources including primary and secondary gold, zircon, iron ore and coal. People’s mining activities, especially gold mining in Tanjung Riu Village, are increasingly being carried out by the people and are further away from road access. This causes the people's mining area become increasingly depleted, so that in mining closure, it leaves the formation of critical land that is not organized and is not in accordance with the function of the surrounding environment and cannot be utilized. Most of the critical lands are in the form of void pits have the potential to cause various contimination, such as decreasing the quality of water stored in the voids due to metal contamination and decreasing the pH value of the water so that the water becomes acidic. The description above becomes the basis for research on the design mining closure of people‘s mining area in Tanjung Riu Village, Kurun District, Gunung Mas Regency. This design will be able to make the land useful again both for the People around the research location and for the general public whose use of the ex people’s mining area.

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The Cenozoic tephra deposits - products of explosive phreatic eruptions of maar volcanoes in the southwest of Primorye are studied. The deposits represent rhyolitic ash and pumice pyroclastic beds with a high terrigenous component, including tephroid pseudo-conglomerates. Isotopic dating of tephra beds established two time pulses of explosive volcanism: 30–34 Mya and 23–24 Mya. The first time pulse coincided with the beginning of the formation of marginal seas and continental coal basins. It corresponds to the most productive stage of coal accumulation, the burial of wood wastes and their coalification at a faster rate, and the development of a high-temperature geothermal field and can be compared with the well-known catastrophic eruption of Mount St. Helens in the U.S.A. The second time pulse of explosive volcanism had a regional character of manifestation. It is characterized by the formation of green tuff complexes on submarine elevations of the Sea of Japan as well as along the western and eastern coasts of Japan. Synchronously with the volcanic activity started the acceleration of the sinking rate of the Sea of Japan bottom in response to the active rising of asthenospheric diapirs. The established isotopic ages do not conform to the ages determined for fossil leaves and pollen from the deposits, which may reflect the climate-forming type of such an explosive process.

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Abstract Renewable energy is obtained from sustainable sources, which in particular include solar and wind energy, geothermal and hydroelectric energy, biomass, tidal energy. The Russian Federation has a significant potential for the development of “green” energy, is among the leaders in terms of export potential in this area. The article considers the export potential of fuel wood pellets. The European sales market, problems and prospects of entering it were studied as priority areas. The purpose of this study is to assess the export potential of the Russian Federation for “green” energy products, using the example of the group of HS 4401310000 Wood pellets. Within the framework of the study, the following tasks were solved: the importance of export relations in the framework of the development of “green” energy directions was studied, the market of wood pellets of the Russian Federation was studied and the export potential of the country for this group of goods was determined. As a result of the conducted research, the authors concluded that the development of the export of wood fuel pellets is of high importance for strengthening the country’s position in the market of foreign trade in renewable energy sources.

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Access to modern energy is essential for socioeconomic development, yet Africa faces significant challenges in this regard. For example, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is marked by economic underdevelopment and poverty largely due to the non-environmentally friendly energy used (wood, charcoal) and limited access to modern energy resources. Indeed, this review provides an overview of the African energy landscape; it provides a comprehensive renewables-focused energy pathway for developing a cleaner and more sustainable African energy system. It explores end-use sector electrification in both rural and urban areas in Africa. It emphasizes the rapid expansion of renewable generation, the challenges facing and solutions for the implementation of renewable energy, and the role of emerging technologies. It also presents technological pathways and investment opportunities that will enrich the regional debate and help accelerate the energy transformation across Africa. The analysis demonstrated that the current trends of renewable energy used are hydropower, wind power, biomass, and geothermal energy. The electrification rate in West Africa is less than 58% in urban areas and less than 25% in rural areas. Results show that 65% of the SSA population does not have access to electricity and 81% rely on wood and charcoal. In West Africa, only Ghana (70% or so) and Cape Verde (95.9% or so) have equitable access to electricity between rural and urban areas. The potentiality of solar irradiance in Africa ranges between 3 and 7 KWh/m2/day. The wind speed ranges from 3 m/s to 10 m/s; the wave power can range from 7 to 25 kW/m per site in island regions. Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia, Tunisia, and South Africa are, respectively, countries leading in wind power technology, and solar energy technology was more advanced in North Africa and South Africa. Finally, geothermal is only developed in Kenya and Tanzania and Kenya is the leader in that field. Although renewable energy in Africa is still growing year to year, it still faces power outages because most renewable energy potentialities are not yet exploited, the technologies used are weak, there is insufficient funding, there is ineffective infrastructure, and there are inadequate or no policies in that field.

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Nisyros Island (Greece) is an active volcano hosting a high-enthalpy geothermal system. During June 2013, an extensive survey on Hg concentrations in different matrices (fumarolic fluids, atmosphere, soils, and plants) was carried out at the Lakki Plain, an intracaldera area affected by widespread soil and fumarolic degassing. Concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), together with H2S and CO2, were simultaneously measured in both the fumarolic emissions and the atmosphere around them. At the same time, 130 samples of top soils and 31 samples of plants (Cistus creticus and salvifolius and Erica arborea and manipuliflora) were collected for Hg analysis. Mercury concentrations in fumarolic gases ranged from 10,500 to 46,300 ng/m3, while Hg concentrations in the air ranged from high background values in the Lakki Plain caldera (10-36 ng/m3) up to 7100 ng/m3 in the fumarolic areas. Outside the caldera, the concentrations were relatively low (2-5 ng/m3). The positive correlation with both CO2 and H2S in air highlighted the importance of hydrothermal gases as carrier for GEM. On the other hand, soil Hg concentrations (0.023-13.7 μg/g) showed no significant correlations with CO2 and H2S in the soil gases, whereas it showed a positive correlation with total S content and an inverse one with the soil pH, evidencing the complexity of the processes involving Hg carried by hydrothermal gases while passing through the soil. Total Hg concentrations in plant leaves (0.010-0.112 μg/g) had no direct correlation with soil Hg, with Cistus leaves containing higher values of Hg with respect to Erica. Even though GEM concentrations in the air within the caldera are sometimes orders of magnitude above the global background, they should not be considered dangerous to human health. Values exceeding the WHO guideline value of 1000 ng/m3 are very rare (<0.1%) and only found very close to the main fumarolic vents, where the access to tourists is prohibited.

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Surveys of yellowing viruses under nonheated and geothermal heated plastic tunnels and in open field crops of melon (Cucumis melo), cucumber (C. sativus), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), squash (C. maxima), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and ware cucurbit (Ecballium elaterium) were carried out year-round during 2000–2001, 2003, and 2004 in the major cucurbit-growing areas in Tunisia. Severe yellowing symptoms on older leaves of cucurbits were observed in open fields and under plastic-tunnel production systems. These yellowing symptoms and large populations of aphids (Aphis gossypii) on a diversity of cucurbit crops in Tunisia support the hypothesis of a viral cause of the disease. Virus identification using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), followed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocapture (IC)-RT-PCR showed that Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) was largely distributed in melon, cucumber, zucchini, squash, and watermelon crops. Ware cucurbit (E. elaterium) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) crops were identified as potential CABYV reservoirs. The RT-PCR-amplified partial coat protein (CP) and P4 genes were cloned and sequenced from nine Tunisian CABYV isolates. CP and P4 gene nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons as well as phylogenetic reconstructions showed that the Tunisian isolates clustered into two major subgroups. Comparisons with CABYV sequences retrieved from GenBank showed high nucleotide and CP amino acid identities, and close relationships of the Tunisian isolates with Italian and French isolates.

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Currently, one of the most discussed topics is the development of alternative energy sources. The assumption is that the trend in the use of alternative energy sources will continue and will increase every year. The aim of the book chapter is to evaluate the development trend in the use of renewable energy sources in selected countries. The book chapter describes the current situation in the use of renewable energy sources in the world, as well as in the selected countries. We decided to describe and analyze in more detail the use of renewable energy sources such as the wind, solar, water and geothermal energy in countries within Europe such as Italy, Germany and Austria. At the end, there is a comparison of selected indicators with reference to reserves in their use. The results show the share of renewable energy sources has increased; however, it is still necessary to meet the targets in the area of reducing emissions and to increase the production of electricity from renewable energy sources. The results can be used to meet new challenges for the functioning of the energy systems of the European Union, so that European Union could become a world leader in renewable energy sources.

Abstract:

Two thermophilic, Gram-stain-positive, sporulating bacterial strains, which formed branched vegetative and aerial mycelia, were isolated from fallen leaves sampled from geothermal soils and designated ONI-1T and ONI-5T. Strain ONI-1T grew at 50–74 °C, with optimum growth at 60–65 °C, and strain ONI-5T grew at 45–74 °C, with optimum growth at 60–65 °C. The pH range for growth of the strains was pH 4.6–8.0, with optimum growth at pH 7.0. The DNA G+C contents of strains ONI-1T and ONI-5T were 60.2 and 58.1 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acid was iso-C17 : 0 and the major menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The cell walls of the strains contained glutamic acid, serine, glycine, histidine, alanine and ornithine. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and a glycolipid. The cell-wall sugar was rhamnose. Detailed phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strains belong to the class Ktedonobacteria and that strains ONI-1T and ONI-5T are most closely related to Thermosporothrix hazakensis SK20-1T (85.3 and 84.5 % sequence similarity, respectively). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two strains was 96.6 %. Based on the phenotypic features and phylogenetic position, we propose that strains ONI-1T and ONI-5T constitute a novel genus containing two novel species, for which we propose the names Thermogemmatispora onikobensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (the type species; type strain ONI-1T = JCM 16817T = KCTC 19768T) and Thermogemmatispora foliorum sp. nov. (type strain ONI-5T = JCM 16818T = KCTC 19767T), within the new family Thermogemmatisporaceae fam. nov. and order Thermogemmatisporales ord. nov.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: One of the natural ingredients that can be used as a substitute for preventing dental caries is the methanol extract of Laban leaves. Laban contains various compounds that are known to have antibacterial properties. The traditional ability of Laban Leaf Methanol Extract has been proven to treat diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. AIM: The aim of the study was to analyzing the activity test of Laban leaf methanol extract toothpaste (Vitex pinnata) against the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. METHODS: This type of laboratory experimental research (true experimental design) with post-test only control group design. This research was conducted at the Poltekkes Pharmacy Laboratory of the Ministry of Health in Aceh in July-August. The research sample consisted of Laban leaves collected randomly in the Ie Seu Um Geothermal area of Selawah Agam Aceh Besar. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. Antibacterial activity data were statistically processed with one-way ANOVA at a confidence level of α 0.05. RESULTS: The organoleptic test results observed for 3 weeks showed that there were differences in color and aroma; the higher the concentration of the resulting color, the darker it was, and resulting in a soft, sweet taste in the toothpaste of laban leaf methanol extract. The pH acidity test results showed an effect of storage time (the week I, week II, and week III) on toothpaste’s pH value. The viscosity test results showed that the toothpaste formula combined with the methanol extract of Laban leaves met the SNI 12-524-1995 standards regarding toothpaste. Toothpaste formula F3. 4.5% has the greatest viscosity, ranging from 241.0 (PDAs), and followed by F2. 240.4%, and F1. 237.6%. The higher the active ingredient concentration, the greater the viscosity value. The foam formation test results show that the foam’s stability is greatly influenced by particle size. The more the particle size, the lower the foam stability. ANOVA test results based on the concentration of significance value (0.000) <0.05, there is a difference in the number of bacterial colonies based on the concentration variable. ANOVA test results based on the repetition of significant values (0.423)> 0.05, which means that all repetitions have the same effect on the number of colonies, so there is no difference in the number of colonies based on the repetition variable. CONCLUSION: Minimum inhibitory concentration of toothpaste laban leaf methanol extract against S. mutans growth was aimed at a concentration of 4.5%, with an average number of bacterial colonies 108.5 × 10−7 CFU/mL).

Abstract:

Abstract The causes of the carbon emissions is the one use of electrical energy. According to PLN (Perusahaan Listrik Negara), the electricity sector contributes 14% of carbon emissions of the total national emissions. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the total of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reached 33.9 gigatons throughout 2020. A total of 13.5 gigatons of which came from electricity and heating, being the most compared to the other sources. Indonesia as the fourth most populous country in the world also contributes to carbon emissions from electricity use. The electricity consumption in Indonesia each year increases by an average of about 3.60% (from 2015-2020) and contributes to these carbon emissions. Indonesia with the largest potential sources of renewable energy (wind, solar power, geothermal and other sources), is expected to be able and develop and become a leader, especially in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Region. This paper will discuss the analysis of carbon footprint from electricity demand in Indonesia and renewable energy supply that can be used to reduce carbon emissions in dealing with climate change problems. The results of the analysis show that the carbon footprint of electricity usage per year on average is 5242.3 KgCO2. The Projection of Renewable Energy Growth in Indonesia in 2045 will reach 20711.67 megawatt. Estimates of net-zero carbon emissions in Indonesia conclude that Indonesia has not yet achieved net-zero carbon emissions in 2045.

Abstract:

The Energy Crisis will soon confront at the beginning of the 21st Century and now is the transition period from Fossil Energy to New and Renewable Energy. This century has again seen a transportation revolution as at the beginning of the industrial revolution, everywhere humans are competing to manufacture propulsion sources derived from Solar Cells, Hydrogen Water, Wind Power, Tidal Wave Movement, Geothermal Energy and Synthetic Coal from Botanicals, so that a shift in Fossil Energy is slowly disappearing from the earth's surface. This research was conducted at Village-Owned Enterprises and is expected to be able to provide solutions in the Energy Transition, the Government's Commitment, which is supported by the influence of the Energy Crisis Policy in Indonesia. Energy Crisis Independence Indonesia has 3.6 billion barrels with a constant average of 800,000 barrels per day as future energy reserves, while these reserves will most likely no longer be able to be produced to meet needs in the next 12 years. This imbalance requires the performance policy, competence and commitment of government leaders to create the role of the private sector from rural to urban areas in bonds and EBT shares on stock exchanges by villages enterprise with a level of security and assurance as well as green energy with household waste as a raw material for Home-trash to Green-tech New-energy (MHGNe) Manufacturing technology which is the only closest alternative currently on earth.